Abbey-Roads2

Adoro has a sort of meme, “5 things about me”, and I added, “that no one knows”…or something like that.  Since I may be dying (drama!), what the hell, I’ll do it…

5 things:

1)  I left home at 16 and finished high school on my own, and attended college without any support from my family.   (No one else in my family ever graduated from High School.)  During this period, I never saw my parents again, save for brief visits at Christmas, until the Abbot of the monastery I entered insisted that I reconcile with them before entering.  (I’ve always regretted that - not the reconciliation, but that I gave in and stayed over night in my parent’s house before entering.)  I have a lot of pride.

2)  When I left the monastery I went back to management only because a co-worker I had worked with had been promoted to upper management in my absence and I was indignant that someone so inferior could have been promoted.  (He was later fired.)  I wasn’t charitable.

3)  For several years, I earned my living as a painter and licensed my works.  (I still get royalties - which are a pain for taxes.)  People know this, what they do not know is my motivation.  It was because my dad told me I would never make it as an artist.   I like to prove people wrong - it’s such a fault.

4)  I don’t live alone…I have 2 cats.

5)  I have little respect for position, status, wealth - anything the world esteems.  It’s another fault.

Some people knew this stuff about me, but very few.  What they also do not know is that I am keenly aware of my faults, and they are a source of great suffering for me.

What a fun meme - thanks Adoro!

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Today is the first day in over 3 months that I felt well.

Now I get to go back to the doctor to be tested to see if I have cancer - because my infection finally seems to be cleared up.  I can tell my critics - “See, the doctor was correct, it sometimes takes a few months to get over it.”

You cannot believe how everyone thinks they have a medical degree in their impatience for you to get over what you have.  Talk about Jewish mothers!  And everyone seems to know more than your doctor…if they believed you were sick at all.  (I wonder if one of Job’s friends wasn’t his mother in disguise?  Although, was Job Jewish?  Incidentally, when you’re really sick, people certainly show their true colors - you get to know who your friends are.)

Nevertheless, for one who can’t wait to die,  I don’t handle being sick very well. I am even more impatient than the “Job’s friends” I’ve had around me.  I realized that dying involves being pretty darn sick sometimes…which isn’t very pleasant.  You have to go to the doctor, take meds, go for test after test.  You endure the arrogant analysis of family, ‘friends’ and co-workers, and occasional mockery and doubt.  It’s hard to pray, let alone read, and forget entertainment.  The interior struggles and temptations are incredible, simply incredible. 

I keep thinking, you get sick, take pain meds, and die.  I forgot all that precedes the final curtain call, with the “Witches of Endor” stirring the pot.  (Why are some people such witches?)

When my mother was ill, my dad yelled at her for being lazy and seeking sympathy.  When she was dying in hospice, the nurses thought she may be more comfortable at home, and she begged them not to send her there for fear of my dad’s abuse.  I forgot about how unpleasant it was for her to be sick and dying.  I forgot that much of my family’s concern was a result of our not knowing how to deal with her illness, let alone comprehending she was dying.

When a former employee was ill, I was certain she was exaggerating her illness and that she should  ‘buck up’ and come to work.  Until she died in hospital a couple of weeks later.

I knew many people misunderstood in their last illnesses.  I can’t say they all died in peace.  I knew a Jehovah Witness who experienced the rejection of her Church because she had smoked cigarettes.  In hospice, her Lutheran cousin kept telling her she would go to hell if she didn’t accept Jesus.  Her last night on earth, she had asked for me, but I was at adoration praying for her.  It had not been a peaceful death.

At any rate, I think I’m learning my lesson, and since I’m feeling better, I find it amusing that the Little Jesus has taught me this lesson - sort of a “what goes around, comes around” lesson.  I get the joke, and it’s so on me!

When you’re sick - go to confession - He heals more than the wounds of our souls, while preparing us to follow after Him.

Just think how He was laughed to scorn, jeered, kicked while He was down, whipped and scourged - and then came the crucifixion.  He didn’t deserve it.  And I have the audacity to complain.  One of the best things suffering accomplishes however, aside from humility, is great detachment - provided one accepts suffering.  One begins to understand the prayer of John of the Cross, “To suffer and be despised.”  There is a joy in that, even when you deserve it. 

Accept it or not, everyone will face it.  Even if one expects to die peacefully in their sleep, although, I doubt it’s like that - there is an inevitable suffering in dying - unless one is a saint.  Despite that, I want to experience it in all of it’s rigor - provided I attain heaven.

If it turns out I do have cancer - which I really doubt (I’m so dramatic!) - I would never accept treatment to reverse it.  I would never, ever want my obit to read, “Died after courageously battling cancer.”  What the hell are you battling?  For what?  (I always wonder that when I read those obits.)

Adviso:  If anyone reading this wants to battle it, go ahead - and congratulations.  It’s my preference not to.  

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Is merit a preoccupation for you in your spiritual life?

I’m more accustomed to viewing everything as a grace, unmerited, dispensed through God’s mercy.  It’s the Thereseian influence in my life, that directs my attitude.  Therese of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face often said she presented to God empty handed, without regard for her self, trusting in His merciful love.

St. Faustina and the devotion to the Divine Mercy has also influenced me deeply.  Having lived a sinful life, anything good I may appear to do, seems to me to be the result of the Divine Mercy and grace.

For instance, if I perform a good action, I never evaluate it, or say to God, “I did this good deed, so you must reward me.”  Rather, I recall Our Lord’s words in the Gospel in response to his disciples.  After fulfilling one’s duty, he tells them, “Say, ‘We are useless servants, we have only done our duty.’”

Therese cautioned her novices that their good deeds were often filled with self-seeking, motivated by self-love.  Therefore, in my limited understanding, the preoccupation one might have to accumulate merit seems to involve a great deal of self love.

Nevertheless, our prayers are always focused upon the ultimate merit, that of attaining heaven, hence we pray, “Make us worthy of the promises of Christ.”  Or, “Pray for us now and at the hour of our death.”  Naturally, we are concerned about meriting heaven, eternal life - that is our goal.  Of course we must labor and work towards our ultimate goal, cooperating with the grace of God, trusting in the merits of Jesus Christ.

Today, a friend mentioned to me that a non-Catholic, or a soul in mortal sin cannot merit anything through their good works.  In the strict theological sense, I expect this is true.  However, when one is told it is useless to pray, to do good or perform charitable works, because they cannot gain merit, this seems in error.  It is my understanding that Grace precedes merit, while it disposes, or inspires one to pray or perform an act of charity.  This would seem to me to be the case even in the state of natural goodness.  Consider the case in the Old Testament of Rahab the harlot (Joshua: 6); she was obviously a sinner, yet was blessed for her faith and good deeds.

St. Teresa of Avila wrote, “Prayer is the trap door out of sin.”  If a soul prays he is certain to be heard, especially when it concerns his salvation.  Just so, I would think that good works, and charity would be weighed in the balance of one’s life at the final judgement.

I’m certainly no theologian, however,  New Advent has a great segment on “Merit” while Catholic Answers has something more concise, a section of which I reprint here:

“Paul tells us: “For [God] will reward every man according to his works: to those who by perseverance in working good seek for glory and honor and immortality, he will give eternal life. There will be . . . glory and honor and peace for every one who does good, the Jew first and also the Greek. For God shows no partiality” (Romans 2:6–11; cf. Galatians 6:6–10).In the second century, the technical Latin term for “merit” was introduced as a synonym for the Greek word for “reward.” Thus merit and reward are two sides of the same coin.Protestants often misunderstand the Catholic teaching on merit, thinking that Catholics believe that one must do good works to come to God and be saved. This is exactly the opposite of what the Church teaches. The Council of Trent stressed: “[N]one of those things which precede justification, whether faith or works, merit the grace of justification; for if it is by grace, it is not now by works; otherwise, as the Apostle [Paul] says, grace is no more grace” (Decree on Justification 8, citing Romans 11:6).The Catholic Church teaches only Christ is capable of meriting in the strict sense—mere man cannot (Catechism of the Catholic Church 2007). The most merit humans can have is condign—when, under the impetus of God’s grace, they perform acts which please him and which he has promised to reward (Romans 2:6–11, Galatians 6:6–10). Thus God’s grace and his promise form the foundation for all human merit (CCC 2008).” - Catholic Answers  

Go to the sites highlighted if you are confused.   And consider what John of the Cross said, ‘in the evening of life we will be judged on love alone.’

Prayer obtains all.  That is why total consecration to Our Lady, committing our salvation along with any merits, to her, for her to take care of, is enough for me.  But I am indeed a useless servant, only doing my duty, and not very well at that.

Never discourage a soul from prayer or good works, Jew, Muslim, Protestant, Catholic, or a public sinner - God alone knows the soul and judges accordingly.  

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It helps to go to confession.

“I turned every way, but there was no one to help me, I looked for one to sustain me, but could find no one.  But then I remembered the mercies of the Lord, his kindness through ages past; For he saves those who take refuge in him, and rescues them from every evil.” - Sirach 51

Anonymous confession is such a mystical experience.  Face to face, one is often too self-conscious; the priest and penitent seem to be focused upon each other in a more natural manner, somehow obscuring the supernatural dimension of the forgiveness of sins.  It has nothing to do with the shame of one’s sins, rather the recollection of who it is we encounter.  Behind a grill and curtain, it seems to me it is easier to focus upon Christ, He whom we come face to face with in the sacrament.

It is simply my personal preference, no matter how one receives the sacrament, the soul immediately and directly encounters Our Lord, nothing, save the Eucharist, can be likened to it.

Go to confession. 

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Just when I thought I was losing my sense of humor, and that everything was stupid and boring, I find this wonderful gem of a story: 

Seating will be moved in order for the 500-strong congregation to be able to dance and wave their hands…

“The Pope may have condemned rock music as “anti-religion” but the Church of England has announced it is to use the songs of a global supergroup in an effort to boost congregations.The first “U2-charist” in England, an adapted Holy Communion service that uses the Irish rock group’s best-selling songs in place of hymns, is to be staged at a Lincoln church in May.A live band will play U2 classics such as Mysterious Ways and Beautiful Day as worshippers sing along with lyrics which will appear on screen at St Swithin’s parish church in the town centre.The event will focus on the Millennium Development Goals - targets set for the alleviation of world poverty - and a cause promoted by U2 singer and lyricist Bono with fellow Irish musician Bob Geldof. The atmosphere will be further enhanced by a sophisticated lighting system that will pulse with the beat, and striking visual images of poverty and drought.

The Bishop of Grantham, the Rt Rev Timothy Ellis, said the service would be “completely inclusive” with anyone who wished to come along welcome.

Seating will be moved in order for the 500-strong congregation to be able to dance and wave their hands.

He said: “The Millennium Development Goals are extremely important for the future of the world.

“It is also very important that we continue to try and find ways of worshipping that are surprising, challenging and fun. Rock music can be a vehicle of immense spirituality.”

The idea of a “U2-charist” was first created in the US with the first such service held there in 2005.” -  BREITBART.COM 

I just love that Bishop saying, “It is also very important that we continue to try and find ways of worshipping that are surprising, challenging and fun.”   That is what liturgy is all about now, isn’t it?

I wish I had a KQ soundbite for this post…what would work?

“Anybody can come” - Grandma from ‘Cash Call’.

Or, “All hell’s gonna break lose!” - Cat Lady.

And, “The smoker’s laugh” - Keith Richards.

Finishing with, “G-damnit anaways!” - Grandma Katie.

(At Episcopalians For Global Reconciliation you can get more information, as well as tools, to help produce your own U2-charist.) 

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And the Last Judgement 

Last year in February I started blogging on Rome-ing Catholics, in April I added the first Abbey-Roads (my best writing), later I added The Cardinal In The Bushes, a personal blog - now deleted - because of people at work you know.  Currently I have 2 blogs, Abbey-Roads2 and Leaflet Missal Blog.  That’s enough.

Some friends were talking about the Catholic Blog Awards coming up and how people will be submitting their nominations.  Out of curiosity, I did a quick review of my posts, mostly with the intention of re-posting something instead of coming up with anything fresh.

I have to confess, I wasn’t impressed with my writing style.  A style indeed became evident as I reviewed my posts, which I thought rather ordinary.  There are a few posts I’m proud of, such as, “The Low Spark of Low-Rise Pants“ - although most are just so so.

Many of the posts deal with the news of the day, some of it secular, much of it Church related.  It’s a web log, so what is one to expect?  I wondered why I even cared to write about such trivia?  Beyond that, why would some people become so upset with things I wrote?  (A few have gotten their nose out of joint over some of my posts, which is more amusing to me than when I try to be funny.)

What I like best about my stuff is that I am always honest and direct in what I have to say.  To paraphrase Cary Grant,  “The effeminate regard a man’s honesty as cruelty.”  I just wish I was a better writer.

I continue to wonder why I care to write about issues, when before blogging, I rarely felt inclined to discuss such things, content to have kept my opinions to myself?  However, keeping one’s opinions to oneself, may in some instances permit one to have a higher opinion of oneself as well.  It has been a school of humility to hear my opinions contradicted or challenged, and I’ve learned a lot.

However, in the end, we will all be judged on every word we speak.  Every word.

So why worry about what people who comment on my blog write?  For that matter, what the people at work think?  There is a bigger day of reckoning coming…and could be pretty soon. 

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Pictured; Christ expels the money changers in the Temple.

Today I read about a slick salesman  marketing blessed holy water for sale, cases of which are going to be donated to the troops in Iraq as well.  Nice.

The article from “California Catholic Daily” - where else but California would something like this originate - explains the water sold is blessed by a priest, a monk, a rabbi, or anyone else considered to be a member of any clergy.  Dumb.

“The water is purified by the reverse osmosis method, but that is not what makes it unique. Rather, its supposed charm lies in the fact that it “is blessed into holy water by hands of god,” by which is meant “a priest, churchman, clergyman, cleric, curate, divine, ecclesiastic, elder, father, friar, holy man, lama, monk, padre, pontiff, preacher, rabbi, rector, sky pilot, or vicar.” - CCD

The article ends with a vague comment by a liturgist from the Diocese of Stockton.

“Virginia Meagher, liturgy coordinator for the Stockton diocese, told the Tribune selling holy water “seems to be against the reason we bless water.” Bottled holy water, she said, isn’t a sacrilege, but “it’s probably not something we would encourage.” - CCD

Dumb and dumber.

Whatever.  Even though the sale of relics is forbidden by Canon Law, the selling of blessed objects is discouraged.  However, if blessed objects are sold,  ‘the object loses the blessing’ as one priest informed me.  Nevertheless, the sale of this so-called holy water is nothing but a bogus novelty-store gimmick.

In the Catholic Church only priests or deacons may bless sacramentals.  In this situation, it appears anyone can bless the product - which means it’s not really blessed.

Most Catholics agree, blessed objects should not be sold.  (Although, with the permission of the local ordinary, Churches and their furnishings may be “alienated”, that is sold, and these are blessed objects, especially the statues and sacred vessels.)

Having said that, in some religious stores, water from Lourdes and Fatima is packaged and sold in vials.  Is that okay?  I suppose it is, since the water is not actually blessed, and the person is simply paying for the vial and the prayer card packaging, along with any real or imagined export costs.   (Although can a person be certain the water is really from the holy place the supplier says it is?)  

Since I cleared that up, rosaries containing 3rd class relics are also sold.  However, the person is only paying for the rosary, not the piece of cloth touched to a 1st class relic - although some may disagree.  Regardless, sacred or blessed objects generally require the faith of those who use them and are not in themselves any type of talisman or magic charm one should try to profit from. 

In Canon 1166 we read, “Sacramentals are sacred signs which in a sense imitate the sacraments.  They signify certain effects, especially spiritual ones, and they achieve these effects through the intercession of the Church.”

Further on, in Canon 1171,  “Sacred objects are not to be made over to secular or inappropriate use, even though they may belong to private persons.”  In other words they are set “apart from profane uses and from commerce. ”  - Code of Canon Law, Annotated - 2nd edition 

A person may gift a blessed object, such as a Miraculous Medal, or Green Scapular, to another who may or may not have faith.  The prayers of the person giving the article, in union with the “intercession of the Church” (Can. 1166) may indeed obtain the grace wherein the object has a spiritual efficacy for the person receiving and wearing the gift.  This was obvious in the case of Alphonse Ratisbonne, the famous Jew converted to the faith after wearing the Miraculous Medal.  Yet it is not an amulet.

I digress however.  It’s always troubling to me when blessed objects are offered for sale, especially when they are inventive novelties such as pretend holy water or so-called  prayer cloths, etc.  It seems to me rather superstitious.
 

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 Possession or hysteria?

A year before my conversion, 1971, Ken Russell released his rather disturbing film, “The Devils”, a highly eroticised version of the famous case of supposed possession at a monastery of nuns. The story is known as the Devils of Loudon.  (Pictured, Vanessa Redgrave as the possessed Sr. Jeanne.)  I may be mistaken, but I think most mystical theologians feel the phenomena associated with the case may have been hysteria at best, while most likely it was a political endeavor to be rid of a priest accused of witchcraft, rather than authentic possession.  Nevertheless, it is a famous legal case in French history, involving personages such as Cardinal Richelieu and other officials in Paris.

I recently spoke with a woman who went through a series of deliverance sessions with a priest known for his work in that field.  (He has since been asked to stop performing these prayer services by his Bishop, and has obeyed.)  The woman in question has now pretty much left the faith.  Her story of the deliverance ‘ritual’ and subsequent direction, may account, in part, for her reversion.  I should note, there is an official ritual for exorcism in the Church, which requires a priest to be deputed by his Bishop to perform.  Deliverance services and prayers are pretty much up to the individual performing these services, although I am not certain.  This woman’s experience sounded as if it was made up as it went along.

Devil in the details.

Briefly, the woman’s background was one of abuse and severe neglect when she was a child.  I believe she dabbled in the occult, before becoming a born again Christian, which eventually led her into the Catholic church.  Within a short time, another friend, encouraged her to see the priest in question.  Her new friend explained to the priest she believed evil spirits were at work affecting the woman’s health.  (The friend introducing this woman to the priest, struggles with depression and other emotional difficulties, hence, it seems the priest in question should have been more prudent in discerning the woman’s condition.)

Father suggested she go through a series of semi-private deliverance prayer sessions with him officiating.   In these exercises, he had two men on hand to restrain the woman in case she (or the evil spirits) could become violent.  Two other women were always in the background praying the rosary as spiritual support.

It turned out, she needed to be restrained, since the ’spirit’ was rebellious and caused her to lash out at the priest.  She kicked the priest across the room, spoke in a growl, biting the priest, as well as one of the men holding her arms down.  As she told me her story it sounded more like an exorcism than a deliverance service.  After several sessions and counsel, the priest told her she was somehow resisting, or holding onto the evil spirit, and he couldn’t liberate her unless she discovered what this attachment was. 

Prior to the cessation of the ‘rituals’, the priest prepared prayers for her to use in between sessions.  These became more elaborate and detailed as time went on.  He also had her go through the exercises of St. Louis de Montfort known as total Consecration to the Blessed Virgin Mary.  These exercises are normally recommended for the more or less proficient in the  spiritual life, not always suitable for a neophyte, or one not yet advanced in devotion to the Blessed Virgin.  (My friend was not attracted to the devotion at that time, understandable since the language can be confusing to modern sensibilities and one emerging from an Evangelical background.)

Determined to be holy, the woman did her best to follow the direction she received.  Nevertheless, she lived her life in a relative state of paranoia that she was ‘bad’ since she must be unconsciously attached to the demonic.  She feared watching TV or listening to music because the devil was in everything - around every corner.  She suppressed every natural inclination, as well as most recreation and entertainment.  Instructed to pursue a regimen of contemplative prayer and devotions, she floundered in a spirituality far too advanced for her state of soul.

My friend is highly intelligent and well read, hence she devoted herself to studying encyclicals of the popes, texts on liturgy and theology.  It is my opinion she gained a lot of knowledge about a relatively small portion of Church teaching, as well as dogma, that appealed to her, without sufficient spiritual direction.  All the while ’haunted’ by what I can only guess was a morbid fixation upon the devil, who was out to get her.

Too much holiness, too soon.

Conditioned to pursue a more or less contemplative spirituality, along with numerous devotions and ascetical practices, she went about constantly thinking of herself as evil, unable to fulfill the duties she felt obliged to perform.  The spirituality proposed to her was totally inappropriate for someone with her spiritual maturity.  Friends and co-workers, devout Catholic people who should know better, were no help either.

As time went on, when trying to deal with issues related to her horrendous childhood abuse, so-called kindred souls would dismiss her sufferings as either something to get over or simply “offer up”.  They told her God allowed these things out of love, and that she deserved these sufferings because of her sins.  (Sounds like Job’s friends, doesn’t it?)

While at her job, she shared her experiences with Catholic co-workers who did nothing to counsel her to be more discreet about the process she was going through, yet instead, gossiped about it behind her back.  (Her managers, as well as the priest  should have counseled silence and discretion.)

She eventually distanced herself from the priest, experiencing deeper guilt since his “followers” all considered him to be a saint.  (That is not to say she doesn’t consider him holy, she respects him a great deal.)  Gradually she experienced a greater freedom of spirit, accepting the fact that she couldn’t live up to such a harsh spiritual regimen.  Tired of taking on the blame for the abuse she suffered, as well as being fed up with feeling she was evil, my friend got to the point wherein she rejected just about every ascetical practice she felt she had been obliged to follow .  Some might say she has lost her faith.  I’m not so sure.

As for the priest, he obediently refrains from his deliverance ministry, without having been discredited or losing his reputation for holiness.  Of course it must be stated there was nothing untoward or scandalous in his ministry either.  However, I do believe he lacked discernment in this particular case.  She should have been encouraged to seek psychological counseling to deal with the trauma of her earlier experiences, before jumping into the deliverance process.  In the sessions, I would have erred on the side of caution and had a medical professional there as well.

In addition, I’m convinced the spirituality he proposed was far too advanced for this woman, as well as other souls he may have counseled.  Steeped in contemplative spirituality as he is, at the time, he may have been proposing a spiritual life more suited to a proficient in prayer, but not a beginner.  (Considering these facts, I think his Bishop was prudent in asking the priest to refrain from this ministry.)

Seeking peace.

In retrospect, the poor woman no longer is able to clearly distinguish what may have been hysteria from what she understood to be the evil spirit.  Some of the phenomena she told me about could be either.  At the very least, it seems to me there was an atmosphere of morbid preoccupation, contributed to by the priest himself.  At the extreme, it sounds to me it may have been a case of obsession.  Either way, I think the ordinary means of spiritual direction, frequent sacramental confession and communion, as well as a simple prayer life, coupled with a balanced social life, would have been the best remedy for this woman.

Through good spiritual direction, she might have been taught to mortify any morbid thoughts or preoccupation with the devil or the occult.  Instead, she had been fixated upon it.   Most especially, in her case, she ought to have been guided towards a greater understanding and acceptance of the love of God, while directed towards the practice of the virtue of charity.  I believe she is finding that acceptance now, from friends and family who haven’t freaked out that she is no longer going to Church.

Please keep her in your prayers.

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“Nothing is hidden that will not be revealed.”

I was in grade school when Pius XII died.  I remember the day in much the same way as when Kennedy was assassinated.  There were special reports on television, honoring Pius XII, recounting his heroism during World War II.  All of the major figures of the war in Europe were duly commemorated upon their deaths; Churchill, De Gaulle, etc.

A few years later the awful play, “The Deputy” opened in New York.  I was appalled.  In my mind Pius XII was (is) a saint, how could a play of lies open, defaming him?  Ever since that time I have defended Pius XII while his reputation was further tarnished by various authors in subsequent years.

Finally evidence is emerging of the character assassination plots devised against the “Angelic Pastor”, not only to discredit the Pope, but the Catholic Church as well.  In an article from Catholic News agency, entitled, “KGB intent on linking Pius XII with Nazis” - a former spy relates:

“In February 1960, Nikita Khrushchev approved a super-secret plan for destroying the Vatican’s moral authority in Western Europe,” writes Pacepa. “Eugenio Pacelli, by then Pope Pius XII, was selected as the KGB’s main target, its incarnation of evil, because he had departed this world in 1958. ‘Dead men cannot defend themselves’ was the KGB’s latest slogan.”

“Today, many people who have never heard of The Deputy are sincerely convinced that Pius XII was a cold and evil man who hated the Jews and helped Hitler do away with them,” Pacepa writes in the National Review Online. “As KGB chairman Yury Andropov, the unparalleled master of Soviet deception, used to tell me, people are more ready to believe smut than holiness.”

“Witnesses from all over the world have compellingly proved that Pius XII was an enemy, not a friend, of Hitler,” says Pacepa. “At the start of World War II, Pope Pius XII’s first encyclical was so anti-Hitler that the Royal Air Force and the French air force dropped 88,000 copies of it over Germany,” he concludes.” - CNA 

At Fatima, Our Lady stated Russia would spread her errors throughout the world.  We are now beginning to understand how they had accomplished this. 

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